Electrochemical Detection with Electrodes Outside the Test Solution – The Rebirth of Contactless Impedance Methods

Abstract

The paper critically discusses the results obtained in the theory of high-frequency impedance sensors (at present, capacitively-coupled contactless conductivity sensors), the principal approaches to designing impedance flow-through cells and their operational parameters, and places them into the world research context. Examples are given of cell designs for continuous-flow and flow-injection analysis, and of detection systems for liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Cells for batch analyses are also presented and their operational parameters discussed.